Enteric nervous systems can be found in organisms lacking a discernable brain, leading to speculation that the enteric nervous system is, in fact, an evolutionary innovation predating the CNS. Despite striking features, there are marked gaps in understanding the cellular composition of enteric nervous systems, the terminal differentiation of enteric neurons, their assembly into functional circuitry, their plasticity, and their interaction with other organs and the environment. This conference brings together a diverse set of nascent and established experts addressing these questions, using a combination of approaches in a variety of systems (jellyfish, worms, flies, fish, mice and humans). Topics will include the cellular and functional diversity of enteric neurons, the genetic programs that instruct their terminal identities, and their integration into functional circuitry. We will discuss how enteric neurons not only control gut function, but how they also receive and send signals to other parts of the body, namely the immune system, and their interactions with the microbiome. By considering enteric nervous systems in a wide variety of invertebrate and vertebrate species, we look forward to conversations about core conserved features and their evolutionary history. In bringing together field experts, we aim to foster a sense of community, promote collaborations and cross-fertilize experimental approaches.