While stars and planets are thought to arise in molecular clouds, from flattened disks of interstellar matter, the transformation process is complex, spanning many orders of magnitude and involving many physical processes. From a theoretical perspective alone, it’s often unclear how the ideas fit together, a situation that leaves open many ways for things to go wrong. So how does this transformation really work? Observations with powerful space telescopes and Earth-based facilities are providing vital clues. By studying the birthplaces of planets as well as planetary systems orbiting stars beyond the Sun, we’ve gleaned new insights, while also raising new questions that challenge us. Najita will describe our current picture of the origins of stars and planets, the new insights gained, and the challenges we face. She’ll also comment on what the results say about how humans make scientific advances and the kinds of investments that are vital to sustaining discovery.